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[[File:PPotU.png|thumb|Plastic People of the Universe]]
The Plastic People of the Universe (PPU) is a [[:Category: Czech Republic|Czech]] rock band from Prague. It was the foremost representative of Prague's underground culture (1968–1989), which had gone against the grain of [[:Category: Czechoslovakia|Czechoslovakia]]'s Communist regime. Due to their non-conformism, members of the band often suffered serious repercussions such as arrests. The group continues to perform despite the death of its founder, main composer and bassist, [[Milan Hlavsa|Milan "Mejla" Hlavsa]] in 2001.

== History ==
From January into August 1968, under the rule of Communist Party leader Alexander Dubček, Czechoslovakians experienced the Prague Spring. In August, Soviet and other Warsaw Pact troops invaded Czechoslovakia. This led to Dubček being overthrown and to what came to be known as the normalization process. Less than a month after the invasion, the Plastic People of the Universe was formed.<sup>[1]</sup>

Bassist [[Milan Hlavsa]] formed the band in 1968. He was heavily influenced by Frank Zappa and the Velvet Underground (Zappa's band, the Mothers of Invention, had a song called "Plastic People" from their 1967 album "Absolutely Free").<sup>[2]</sup> Czech art historian and cultural critic [[Ivan Jirous]] became their manager/artistic director in the following year,<sup>[1]</sup> fulfilling a role similar to the one Andy Warhol had with the Velvet Underground. Jirous introduced Hlavsa to guitarist [[Josef Janíček]],<sup>[1]</sup> and viola player [[Jiří Kabeš]]. The consolidated Czech communist government revoked the band's musicians license in 1970.<sup>[3]</sup>

Because Ivan Jirous believed that English was the lingua franca of rock music, he invited Paul Wilson, a Canadian who had been teaching in Prague, to teach the band the lyrics of the American songs they covered and to translate their original Czech lyrics into English. Wilson served as lead singer for "the Plastics" from 1970 to 1972, and during this time, the band's repertoire drew heavily on songs by the Velvet Underground and the Fugs. The only two songs sung in Czech in this period were "Na sosnové větvi" and "Růže a mrtví", both of which had lyrics written by Czech poet Jiří Kolář. Wilson, however, encouraged them to sing in Czech. After he left, saxophonist [[Vratislav Brabenec]] joined the band and they began to draw upon poet Egon Bondy<sup>[2]</sup> whose work had been banned by the government. In the following three years, Bondy's lyrics nearly completely dominated the band's music. In December 1974, the band recorded their first "studio" album, Egon Bondy's Happy Hearts Club Banned (the title being a play on The Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band), which was released in France in 1978.

In 1974, thousands of people traveled from Prague to the town of České Budějovice to visit the Plastics' performance. Stopped by police, they were sent back to Prague, and several students were arrested.<sup>[1]</sup> The band was forced underground until the Velvet Revolution in 1989. Unable to perform openly, an entire underground cultural movement formed around the band during the 1970s. The sympathizers of the movement were often called máničky, mainly due to their long hair.

In 1976, the Plastics and other members of the underground scene were arrested and put on trial (after performing at the Third festival of the second culture) by the Communist government to make an example. They were convicted of "organized disturbance of the peace" and sentenced to terms in prison ranging from 8 to 18 months.<sup>[1]</sup> Paul Wilson was deported<sup>[3]</sup> even though he had left the band in 1972. Although the band was not associated with politics, the Communist regime's accusations against them ended up with many protests.<sup>[4]</sup> It was partly in protest of these arrests and prosecution that playwright Václav Havel and others wrote the Charter 77.<sup>[3]</sup> The Trial of the Plastics became a milestone for opposition against the Communist regime in Czechoslovakia for human rights.

In 1978, the PPU recorded "Pašijové hry velikonoční" (released in Canada as "The Passion Play" with Paul Wilson's company Boží mlýn). Its lyrics were written by Vratislav Brabenec. In 1979, the album "Jak bude po smrti" was released. It was influenced by a Czech philosopher and writer from the first half of the 20th century, Ladislav Klíma. In 1980, they rehearsed and performed a new record, recorded one year later, "Co znamená vésti koně" (released in Canada as "Leading Horses"). In 1982, Vratislav Brabenec was forced by the police to leave and emigrate to Canada. After he left, the band released their next records "Hovězí porážka" (1983) and "Půlnoční myš" (1986, Midnight Mouse). Czech record label Globus International has collected the original work of the Plastic People as 10 CDs, and released them in various forms several times between 1992 and 2004, with various liner notes and photos, and also as a limited edition box set. They have also released other PPU live and solo albums, and related work such as [[DG 307]].

Despite their clashes with the government, the musicians never considered themselves activists and always claimed that they wanted only to play their music.<sup>[2]</sup> The band broke up in 1988, with some members forming the group [[Půlnoc]] (meaning "midnight" in Czech), which recorded briefly for Arista Records in the USA.<sup>[1]</sup> At President Havel's suggestion, they reunited in 1997 in honor of the 20th anniversary of Charter 77,<sup>[2][3]</sup> and have performed around the world regularly since then.

In 1999, along with Lou Reed, Milan Hlavsa performed at the White House during Václav Havel's state visit.

Milan Hlavsa died in 2001<sup>[1]</sup> of lung cancer.<sup>[2]</sup> The band was not sure whether or not to continue without their frontman and main songwriter. However, after long discussions they decided to continue in honour of Hlavsa's memory. Eva Turnová from the group DG 307 became the band's new bass player.<sup>[2]</sup>

== Post-Hlavsa era ==
[[File:Plastic People of the Universe (2010).jpg|thumb|The Plastic People of the Universe live in Brno in 2010. Photo by Michal Klajban]]
After Milan Hlavsa's death, the Plastic People began to write new songs. The also performed some of their older albums with several orchestras (such as [[Agon Orchestra]]). This was Milan Hlavsa's long time plan, one he didn't have the chance to achieve. In 2004 the Plastic People introduced an orchestral version of "The Passion Play". In 2005 and 2011 they performed "Jak bude po smrti". In 2014 they introduced an orchestral version of "Co znamená vésti koně?", alongside the Brno Philharmonic orchestra.

Interest in the band was rekindled in 2006 thanks to a new play, "Rock 'n' Roll" by Tom Stoppard, in which two of their recordings are featured. They are also playing a few songs live in Czech performances in the Czech National Theatre.<sup>[2]</sup> The play's characters also discuss at length the music of the Plastics and its effects on Czech society. The Plastics performed in London for the first time in January 2007 with Turnová on bass.

In December 2009 the band released a new studio album "Maska za maskou". It was their first studio album since "Líně s tebou spím" (2001) and the first without Milan Hlavsa's songwriting.

== Line up ==
'''Current members'''
* [[Josef Janíček]] – keyboards, vocals (1969–1988, 1997–present)
* Vratislav Brabenec – saxophone, clarinet, vocals, composition, lyrics (1972–1982, 1997–present)
* Jaroslav Kvasnička - drums, vocals (2009–present)
* Johnny Judl jr. - bass, vocals (2016–present)
* David Babka – guitars (2016–present)

'''Former members'''
* Milan "Mejla" Hlavsa (deceased) – bass, vocals, composition, lyrics (1968–1988, 1997–2001)
* Michal Jernek – saxophone, clarinet, vocals (1968–1970)
* Jiří Števich – guitar, vocals (1968–1970, 1972)
* Josef Brabec – drums (1968–1969)
* Pavel Zeman – drums (1969–1973, 1977)
* Jiří Kabeš – violin, theremin, vocala (1971–1988, 1997–2015)
* Paul Wilson – guitar, vocals (1970–1972)
* Joe Karafiát – guitars, vocals, composition (1997–2015)
* Jan Jílek – trumpet (1972)
* Jiří Šula – drums (1973–1974)
* Jaroslav Vožniak – drums (1974–1977)
* Otakar Michl – guitar (1977)
* Jan Brabec – drums (1977–1988, 1997–1999)
* Pavel Zajíček – vocals (1978)
* Jaroslav Unger – vocals (1978)
* Ladislav Leština – electric violin, theremin (1978, 1980–1986)
* Ivan Bierhanzl – contrabass (1978–1979, 2001–2009)
* Jan Schneider – percussion (1978)
* Josef Rössler – clarinet (1980)
* Petr Placák – clarinet (1983)
* Václav Stádník – clarinet (1983)
* Jan Macháček – guitar (1984)
* Vladimír Dědek – trombone (1984–1986)
* Milan Schelinger – guitar (1986–1987)
* Michaela Pohanková – vocals (1986–1988)
* Tomáš Schilla – cello (1986–1988)
* Ludvík Kandl – drums (1999–2009)
* Eva Turnová – bass, vocals, composition (2001<sup>[2]</sup>–2015)

=== Non-performing collaborators ===
'''Managers'''
* Ivan Martin Jirous (alias Magor, deceased)
* Pavel Kratochvíl (1969–1970)

'''Additional lyricists'''
* Michal Jernek
* Egon Bondy (poet)
* Ladislav Klíma (writer, philosopher)
* William Blake (poet)
* Jiří Kolář (poet)
* Ivan Wernisch (poet)
* Karel Hynek Mácha (poet)
* Christian Morgenstern (poet)
* Milan Nápravník (poet)

== Discography ==
* Muž bez uší (live recordings 1969-72)
* Vožralej jak slíva (live recordings 1973-75)
* Egon Bondy's Happy Hearts Club Banned (1974)
* Ach to státu hanobení (live recordings 1976-77)
* Pašijové hry velikonoční (1978)
* Jak bude po smrti (1979)
* Co znamená vésti koně (1981)
* Kolejnice duní (1977–82)
* Hovězí porážka (1983–84)
* Půlnoční myš (1985–86)
* Bez ohňů je underground (1992–93)
* The Plastic People of the Universe (1997)
* For Kosovo (1997)
* 10 let Globusu aneb underground v kostce (2000)
* Milan Hlavsa - Než je dnes člověku 50 - poslední dekáda (2001)
* Líně s tebou spím - Lazy Love/ In Memoriam Mejla Hlavsa (2001)
* Pašijové hry/ Passion Play (with Agon Orchestra) (2004)
* Do lesíčka na čekanou (2007)
* Magor's Shem (40 Year Anniversary Tour PPU 1968-2008) (2008)
* Maska za maskou (2009)
* Non Stop Opera (2011)

== References ==
# Yanosik, Joseph (March 1996). [http://www.furious.com/perfect/pulnoc.html "The Plastic People of the Universe"]. Perfect Sound Forever. Retrieved 2007-02-26.
# Stoppard, Tom (2009-12-19). [http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article6960888.ece "Tom Stoppard: Did Plastic People of the Universe topple communism?"]. Times Online. Retrieved 2009-12-20.
# [http://www.richieunterberger.com/ppu.html Unterberger, Richie. "The Plastic People of the Universe". Retrieved 2007-02-26.]
# [http://eds.a.ebscohost.com/eds/ebookviewer/ebook/bmxlYmtfXzQ1NjM3Ml9fQU41?sid=8447aec9-d66b-46a8-92cb-198a979c513a@sessionmgr4003&vid=0&format=EB&rid=1 "Worlds of Dissent : Charter 77, the Plastic People of the Universe, and Czech Culture Under Communism".] eds.a.ebscohost.com. Retrieved 2015-12-25.

== External links ==
* [http://www.plastic-people.cz/ The Plastic People of the Universe - official website]
* [https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p19906 The Plastic People of the Universe at AllMusic]
* [https://www.facebook.com/PlasticPeopleBandCZ/ Official Facebook profile - The Plastic People of the Universe]
* [https://www.youtube.com/user/plasticpeoplecz/ Official YouTube channel - The Plastic People of the Universe]
* [http://www.ceskatelevize.cz/specialy/plasticpeople/ Documentary film produced by Česká televize: The Plastic People Of The Universe, director - Jana Chytilová]
* [http://www.prague-life.com/prague/plastic-people Article from Prague Life]
* [http://www.radio.cz/en/article/67064 Interview with Paul Wilson]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081003210135/http://www.expressnightout.com/content/2008/10/bohemians_rhapsody_plastic_people_of_the.php Interview/profile from the Washington Post's Express]
* [https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/how-a-revolutionary-czech-rock-band-inspired-vaclav-havel-20111219 The Rolling Stone article]

<youtube> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YXUIAqGFYNw </youtube>

''Text adapted from Wikipedia''

[[Category: Czech Profiles]] [[Category: Czechoslovakian Profiles]]